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Doolittle Raid
by Kym Knight
1/350 Doolittle Raid (Various)
杜利特尔空袭
制作者：Kym Knight
比例：1/350
套材：各种
"The Doolittle Raid'
Task Force 16 in the Northwest Pacific on the 17th April, 1942
The April 1942 air attack on Japan, launched from the aircraft carrier Hornet and led by Lieutenant Colonel James H. Doolittle, was the most daring operation yet undertaken by the United States in the young Pacific War. Though conceived as a diversion that would also boost American and allied morale, the raid generated strategic benefits that far outweighed its limited goals.
The raid had its roots in a chance observation that it was possible to launch Army twin-engined bombers from an aircraft carrier, making feasible an early air attack on Japan. Appraised of the idea in January 1942, U.S. Fleet commander Admiral Ernest J. King and Air Forces leader General Henry H. Arnold greeted it with enthusiasm. Arnold assigned the technically-astute Doolittle to organize and lead a suitable air group. The modern, but relatively well-tested B-25B "Mitchell" medium bomber was selected as the delivery vehicle and tests showed that it could fly off a carrier with a useful bomb load and enough fuel to hit Japan and continue on to airfields in China.
Gathering volunteer air crews for an unspecified, but admittedly dangerous mission, Doolittle embarked on a vigourous program of special training for his men and modifications to their planes. The new carrier Hornet was sent to the Pacific to undertake the Navy's part of the mission. So secret was the operation that her Commanding Officer, Captain Marc A. Mitscher, had no idea of his ship's upcoming employment until shortly before sixteen B-25s were loaded on her flight deck. On 2 April 1942 Hornet put to sea and headed west across the vast Pacific.
Joined in mid-ocean on 13 April by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey's flagship Enterprise, which would provide air cover during the approach, Hornet steamed toward a planned 18 April afternoon launching point some 400 miles from Japan. However, before dawn on 18 April, enemy picket boats were encountered much further east than expected. These were evaded or sunk, but got off radio warnings, forcing the planes to take off around 8 AM, while still more than 600 miles out.
Most of the sixteen B-25s, each with a five-man crew, attacked the Tokyo area, with a few hitting Nagoya. Damage to the intended military targets was modest, and none of the planes reached the Chinese airfields (though all but a few of their crewmen survived). However, the Japanese high command was deeply embarrassed. Three of the eight American airmen they had captured were executed. Spurred by Combined Fleet commander Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, they also resolved to eliminate the risk of any more such raids by the early destruction of America's aircraft carriers, a decision that led them to disaster at the Battle of Midway a month and a half later.
In addition to the carriers Hornet and Enterprise, fourteen other U.S. Navy ships made up the raid task force, which was led by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey and designated Task Force 16. Three were heavy cruisers, Salt Lake City (CA-25), Northampton (CA-26) and Vincennes (CA-44). USS Nashville (CL-43) was a light cruiser. The eight destroyers were Balch (DD-363), flagship of Captain Richard L. Conolly's Destroyer Squadron Six, Benham (DD-397), Ellet (DD-398), Fanning (DD-385), Grayson (DD-435), Gwin (DD-433), Meredith (DD-434) and Monssen (DD-436). Vital members of the long-range team were the oilers Cimarron (AO-22) and Sabine (AO-25).
courtesy of:
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY -- NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER
805 KIDDER BREESE SE -- WASHINGTON NAVY YARD
WASHINGTON DC 20374-5060
“杜利特尔空袭” 1942年4月17日，在西北太平洋上的第16特遣舰队。
1942年4月对日本空袭——从“大黄蜂”号航空母舰出发的由詹姆斯H杜利特尔中校率领——是美国在太平洋战争初期承担的最大胆的行动。虽然被设想为牵制，这也将提升美国和盟军的士气，突袭产生的战略利益远远超过其有限的目标。
这次袭击来源于一个偶然的意见，可以从航空母舰上起飞陆基双引擎轰炸机，使早期空袭日本成为可能。在1942年1月这个想法被评估，美国海军司令五星上将欧内斯特•J•金及空军司令亨利•H•阿诺德将军热情欢迎。阿诺德指派技术精明的杜利特尔组织并领导一个合适的航空队。新式的，完善测试的，B-25B“米切尔”中型轰炸机被选为运载工具，试验表明，它可以有效的载弹量从航空母舰上起飞，并有足够的燃料到达日本，再继续飞抵中国的机场。
为一个未特别指出，但无可否认危险的任务募集志愿人员，杜利特尔着手对他的下属进行有力的特别训练计划，并修装他们的飞机。新的航空母舰“大黄蜂”号被送往太平洋承担海军的任务。如此秘密行动，她的指挥官，舰长马克Marc A. Mitscher，对即将执行的任务，直到16架B- 25被装上她的飞行甲板前一点也不知道。1942年4月2日“大黄蜂”号出海，向西跨越浩瀚的太平洋。
4月13日中将威廉•F•哈尔西的旗舰“企业”号进入中太平洋，靠近“大黄蜂”号驶向的计划在4月18日下午的起飞点（距日本400英里），在此期间提供空中掩护。然而，在4月18日拂晓，在超出预期许多的东部突然遭遇敌人的监视船。一一回避或击沉，但无线电警告发出，迫使飞机在上午八时许起飞，此时距日本仍超过600英里。
16架B-25（每架机组五人）的大多数袭击了东京地区，少数击中名古屋。适度破坏了指定的军事目标，并没有飞机到达中国机场（虽然只有少数的飞行员生还）。然而，日本最高统帅部深感尴尬。八位被俘获的美国飞行员中的三位被处决。促使海军联合舰队司令山本五十六决心消除任何的风险更多的此类袭击（从来的美国的航空母舰的早期破坏），这项决定导致了一个半月以后他们在中途岛战役的灾害。
由海军中将威廉•F•哈尔西指挥的第十六特遣舰队，除了“大黄蜂”号和“企业”号航空母舰外，组成突袭特遣舰队的其余十四艘美国海军舰艇是：三艘重巡洋舰，“盐湖城”号（CA-25），“北安普敦”号（CA-26）和“温森斯”号（CA-44）。美国海军“纳什维尔”号（CL-43）是一艘轻巡洋舰。八艘驱逐舰“鲍尔奇”号（DD-363），第六驱逐舰编队司令Richard L. Conolly的旗舰，“贝纳姆”号（DD-397），“Ellet”号（DD-398），“芬妮”号（DD-385），“格雷森”号（DD-435），“Gwin”号（DD-433），“梅瑞迪斯”号（DD-434）和“Monssen”号（DD-436）。远程舰队必不可少的加油船“西马龙”号（AO-22）和“萨宾”号（AO-25）。
提供： 美国海军部-海上历史中心
805 KIDDER BREESE SE -华盛顿海军船厂
华盛顿特区20374-5060
The inspiration for this diorama came from watching a documentary on the raid followed by the movie "30 Seconds Over Tokyo". I already had the newly arrived Trumpeter Hornet so it was a matter of tracking down as many of the ships involved for my first diorama. This led me to another first, resin kits. Apart from the USS Hornet, all other ships in this fleet are either Iron Shipwrights or Yankee Modelworks kits. Here I will appologise for the omission of USS Vincennes, USS Grayson and USS Sabine, though kits were available (a bit of kit bashing needed), money and space were becoming a scarce. I started this dio back when the Trumpy Hornet was first releasd, so it has been sitting unfinished for a few years now awaiting some sort of cover for the entire base. Just recently, after a bit of experimentation, I built one that is supported over the 2 x 2 square meters, so now it can be displayed without dust ruining it. The daytime photo's are not that great, I would liked to have had real sky as a background, but my place is surrounded by trees and there is no place where trees or hills would not be in the pictures.
这个场景的灵感来自观看关于这次突袭的纪录片“30秒钟，东京”之后。我已经有新收到的号手的“大黄蜂”号，因此，对于我的第一个场景，它是一个追踪许多有关舰船的题材。这导致我的又一次史无前例，树脂套材。除了大黄蜂号，所有在这个舰队中的其他船舶都是Iron Shipwrights或杨Yankee Modelworks的套材。这里，我很抱歉遗漏了“温森斯”号、“格雷森”号和“萨宾”号，尽管有它们的套材（有些套材需要痛打），金钱和空间缺乏。在号手的“大黄蜂”号首次推出的时候，我开始做背景，所以几年来它一直未完成，现在正在等待某种覆盖整个基地。就在最近，在一些实验后，我建立一个2×2平方米的支撑，所以现在可以显示没有灰尘破坏它。白天照片不是很令人满意，我希望有真正的天空为背景，但我的地方四周树木林立，在图片中不会有没有树木或丘陵地方。 |
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发表于 2009-7-31 14:57:14
楼主
发表于 2009-7-31 15:56:14
发表于 2009-8-1 22:04:35